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Throughout your career as an HVAC/R mechanic you will be tasked with installing or repairing different types of piping systems. In this unit we will be discussing the most widely used system: copper tubing. Copper tubing and its associated fittings are used in the installation or repair of an HVAC/R system. Depending on the installation and its requirements the two methods used to connect copper tubing and fitting together is soft soldering and silver brazing.

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Throughout your career as an HVAC/R mechanic you will be tasked with installing different types of piping systems. Different types of pipes, tubing, and their associated fittings are used in the installation of an HVAC/R system. Each type of pipe, tubing or fitting is used for a specific purpose depending on the installation and its requirements. Some pipes, tubing, or fittings are made in different weights and strengths for use in gravity or pressure systems. Many materials are available for use in installing permanent HVAC/R systems. Among those commonly used are iron, steel, PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride), and copper.

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Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: PREFACE……………1
CHAPTER 2: DESCRIPTION………3
A. Applications……………………3
B. Sizes……………………………4
C. Benefits………………………..4
D. Limitations…………………….5
E. Maintenance…………………..5
F. Installation Issues…………….7
Engine Room Ventilation ………..7
Exhaust System …………………7
G. Heat Recovery ……………….7
H. Hybrid Systems……………….9
CHAPTER 3: HISTORY AND STATUS…………………………11
A. History ………………………………………………………11
B. Current Market Share ……………………………………..11
C. Standards and Ratings…………………………………….11
Coefficient of Performance (COP) …………………………..12
Integrated Part Load Value (IPLV) ………………………….12
Applied Part Load Value (APLV)………………………………13
D. Economics/Cost Effectiveness…………………………….13
Energy Rates and Billing Structure …………………………..13
Performance Characteristics ………………………………….14
Operating Characteristics ……………………………………..14
Estimating Annual Energy Savings ……………………………14
E. Equipment Manufacturers…………………………………..15
F. Equipment Installations …………………………………….15
A.M. Best Company, Oldwick, New Jersey …………………..15
J.C. Penny Department Store, Atlanta, GA …………………16
Carpenter’s Home Church, Lakeland, Florida ……………….16
Peachtree Tower, Atlanta, GA………………………………..17
Boston YMCA, Residential/Hotel Facility……………………..17
CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS ………………………………………..19
A. Overview …………………………………………………….19
B. Energy Savings ……………………………………………..20
C. Cost Effectiveness …………………………………………20
CHAPTER 5: DESIGN ANALYSIS GRAPHS……………………..23
A. Using the Graphs ……………………………………………23
Annual Energy Cost Savings Graphs………………………….23
Cost Effectiveness Graphs…………………………………….23
B. Energy Savings Graphs……………………………………..25
Gas Engine-Driven Chiller vs. Standard
Efficiency Electric Chiller ……………………………………..25
Gas Engine-Driven Chiller vs. High Efficiency
Electric Chiller ………………………………………………….32
Gas Engine-Driven Chiller vs. Single Effect
Absorption Chiller ………………………………………………39
C. Cost Effectiveness Graphs ………………………………..44
Gas Engine-Driven Chiller vs. Standard
Efficiency Electric Chiller ………………………………………44
Gas Engine-Driven Chiller vs. High Efficiency
Chiller ………………………………………………………….. 60
Gas Engine-Driven Chiller vs. Single Effect
Absorption Chiller …………………………………………….. 76
CHAPTER 6: BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………….. 85
CHAPTER 7: APPENDIX……………………………………….. 87
A. Building Type Descriptions ……………………………….. 87
B. Summary of Utility Rates………………………………….. 89
C. Equipment First Cost………………………………………. 92
D. Scalar Ratio and SIR ……………………………………… 93
Scalar Ratios Simplified ………………………………………. 93
Selecting a Scalar Ratio ……………………………………… 94
Savings to Investment Ratios (SIRs)……………………….. 94
Advanced Economic Analysis ……………………………….. 94

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I The General Problem of Heat Exchange

1 Introduction

1.1 Heat Transfer
1.2 Relation of heat transfer to thermodynamics
1.3 Modes of heat transfer
1.4 A look ahead
1.5 Problems
Problems
References
2 Heat conduction concepts, thermal resistance, and the overall
heat transfer coeficient
2.1 The heat diffusion equation
2.2 Solutions of the heat diffusion equation
2.3 Thermal resistance and the electrical analogy
2.4 Overall heat transfer coeficient, U
2.5 Summary
Problems
References
3 Heat exchanger design
3.1 Function and configuration of heat exchangers
3.2 Evaluation of the mean temperature di.erence in a heat
exchanger
3.3 Heat exchanger efectiveness
3.4 Heat exchanger design
Problems
References
II Analysis of Heat Conduction
4 Analysis of heat conduction and some steady one-dimensional
problems
4.1 The well-posed problem
4.2 The general solution
4.3 Dimensional analysis
4.4 An illustration of dimensional analysis in a complex steady
conduction problem
4.5 Fin design
Problems
References
5 Transient and multidimensional heat conduction
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Lumped-capacity solutions
5.3 Transient conduction in a one-dimensional slab
5.4 Temperature-response charts
5.5 One-term solutions
5.6 Transient heat conduction to a semi-infinite region
5.7 Steady multidimensional heat conduction
5.8 Transient multidimensional heat conduction
Problems
References
III Convective Heat Transfer
6 Laminar and turbulent boundary layers
6.1 Some introductory ideas
6.2 Laminar incompressible boundary layer on a flat surface
6.3 The energy equation
6.4 The Prandtl number and the boundary layer thicknesses
6.5 Heat transfer coefficient for laminar, incompressible flow
over a flat surface
6.6 The Reynolds analogy
6.7 Turbulent boundary layers
6.8 Heat transfer in turbulent boundary layers
Problems
References
7 Forced convection in a variety of configurations
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Heat transfer to and from laminar flows in pipes
7.3 Turbulent pipe flow
7.4 Heat transfer surface viewed as a heat exchanger
7.5 Heat transfer coefficients for noncircular ducts
7.6 Heat transfer during cross flow over cylinders
7.7 Other configurations
Problems
References
8 Natural convection in single-phase fluids and during .lm
condensation
8.1 Scope
8.2 The nature of the problems of .lm condensation and of
natural convection
8.3 Laminar natural convection on a vertical isothermal surface
8.4 Natural convection in other situations
8.5 Film condensation
Problems
References
9 Heat transfer in boiling and other phase-change con.gurations
9.1 Nukiyama’s experiment and the pool boiling curve
9.2 Nucleate boiling
9.3 Peak pool boiling heat flux
9.4 Film boiling
9.5 Minimum heat flux
9.6 Transition boiling and system in.uences
9.7 Forced convection boiling in tubes
9.8 Forced convective condensation heat transfer
9.9 Dropwise condensation
9.10 The heat pipe
Problems
References
IV Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer
10 Radiative heat transfer
10.1 The problem of radiative exchange
10.2 Kirchhoff’s law
10.3 Radiant heat exchange between two finite black bodies
10.4 Heat transfer among gray bodies
10.5 Gaseous radiation
10.6 Solar energy
Problems
References
V Mass Transfer
11 An introduction to mass transfer
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Mixture compositions and species fluxes
11.3 Di.usion fluxes and Fick’s law
11.4 Transport properties of mixtures
11.5 The equation of species conservation
11.6 Mass transfer at low rates
11.7 Steady mass transfer with counterdi.usion
11.8 Mass transfer coeficients at high rates of mass transfer
11.9 Simultaneous heat and mass transfer
Problems
References
VI Appendices
A Some thermophysical properties of selected materials
References
B Units and conversion factors
References
C Nomenclature
Citation Index
Subject Index

This handbook is one of a series developed for instruction on the preparation of Navy facilities engineering and design criteria documents. This handbook uses, to the maximum extent feasible, national and institute standards in accordance with Naval Facilities Engineering Command NAVFACENGCOM) policy. Do not deviate from this handbook for NAVFACENGCOM criteria without prior approval of NAVFACENGCOM Criteria Office, Code 15.

Design of HVAC and dehumidifying systems shall be in accordance with guidelines included in this handbook. The material included in Sections 5 through 12 of this handbook is provided for information and should be applied only as required to supplement the experience of the designer or design reviewer. NAVFAC policy is to select simple, easy to maintain and operate, HVAC systems designed based upon well established principles and constructed of proven materials that satisfy space temperature, humidity, and indoor air quality (IAQ) requirements within energy budgets prescribed in MIL-HDBK-1190, Facility Planning and Design Guide.

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